TABLES WHICH BELONG IN THE VARIOUS FOURTEEN CHAPTERS ABOVE
Table 3 (labelled as File 14-3N)
TABLE 3
A COMPARISON OF THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF RESIDENT BLACKS IN
WHITE HOUSEHOLDS WHICH HELD ONLY SLAVE LABOR, WHITE
HOUSEHOLDS WHICH CONTAINED BOTH SLAVES AND FREE BLACK LABOR, AND HOUSEHOLDS WHICH EMPLOYED ONLY FREE BLACK WORKERS
County
1790
Kings 4.6 6.3 11 17 1.5
New York 2.1 4.0 167 238 1.4
Richmond 3.1 4.6 45 51 1.1
Suffolk 2.1 4.1 483 631 1.3
Queens 3.0 ... 1 1 1.0
Westchester 2.5 4.5 77 108 1.4
Total 2.7 4.3 784 1,046 1.3
1800
Kings 3.8 5.7 60 87 1.4
New York 1.9 3.2 657 879 1.3
Richmond 2.7 5.2 15 16 1.1
Suffolk 2.0 4.7 183 231 1.3
Queens 2.9 4.3 220 366 1.7
Westchester 2.5 4.3 114 151 1.3
Total 2.4 4.3 1,249 1,730 1.4
1810
Kings 2.7 5.7 87 141 1.6
New York 1.5 3.1 1,419 2,301 1.6
Richmond 1.8 4.5 28 32 1.1
Suffolk 1.4 4.4 262 375 1.4
Queens 1.9 4.6 415 762 1.8
Westchester 2.3 3.9 189 312 1.6
Total 1.9 4.3 2,400 3,923 1.6
1820
Kings 3.2 4.5 151 257 1.7
New York 1.3 2.9 1,977 3,665 1.8
Richmond 2.9 4.9 6 16 2.7
Suffolk 2.2 3.0 72 125 1.7
Queens 2.2 3.8 532 1,021 1.9
Westchester 1.2 4.1 418 710 1.7
Total 2.3 3.8 3,156 5,794 1.8
SOURCES: The numbers of free blacks in each white household which contained only free (and no slave) workers were counted as they appeared in the 1790, 1800, 1810, and 1820 federal censuses. Bureau of Census, Heads ofFamilies, 1790; 1800 Census, Printed Population Schedules, NYGBR; 1800 Census, Manuscript Population Schedules; 1810 Census, Manuscript Population Schedules; 1820 Census Manuscript Population Schedules.
NOTE: See tables 8, 9, and 10, chap. 4, for figures from which the average number of slaves held per white household which contained only slaves (and no free labor) was compiled and on the average number of blacks per white household which contained both slaves and free blacks.
TABLE 4 (Labelled as File 14-4N)
NUMBER AND PROPORTION OF FREE BLACK HOUSEHOLDS THAT WERE
HEADED BY MALES AND NUMBER AND PROPORTION OF HOUSEHOLD HEADS
THAT HAD LAST NAMES, 1790 to 1820
Number of Number Number Percent of All Percent of All
Free Black‑ Headed of Households Household
Headed by Household Headed by Heads That
Households Males Heads With Males (Where Had a Last
Last Names Sex of Head Name
County is Known)
1790
Kings 3 1 2 ... ...
New York 168 136 22 81.0 13.1
Richmond 4 4 4 ... ...
Suffolk 52 46 28 88.5 53.8
Queens 302 234 43 77.5 14.2
Westchester 34 32 2 94.1 5.9
Total 563 453 101 80.5 17.9
1800
Kings 0 0 0 0.0 0.0
New York 669 552 639 82.5 95.5
Richmond 3 3 3 ... ...
Suffolk 159 146 39 91.8 24.5
Queens 203 193 42 95.1 20.7
Westchester 45 42 29 95.5 64.4
Total 1,079 936 752 86.7 69.7
1810
Kings 47 32 45 68.1 95.7
New York 1,250a 966 1,187 81.7 95.0
Richmond 6 6 0 ... ...
Suffolk 179 156 166 87.2 92.7
Queens 222 212 219 95.5 98.6
Westchester 95 91 94 95.8 98.9
Total 1,799 1,463 1,711 84.5 95.1
1820
Kings 108b 81 108 81.8 100.0
New York 1,199c 936 1,193 82.0 99.5
Richmond 9 9 1 100.0 11.1
Suffolk 258 223 218d 86.4 84.5
Queens 285 273 206 95.8 72.3
Westchester 153e 139 147 92.0 96.1
Total 2,012f 1,661 1,873 85.5 93.1
TABLE 4‑‑Continued
SOURCES: The sex of the household head and the presence or absence of a listed last name was determined for each free black household which appeared in the 1790, 1800, 1810, and 1820 federal censuses. Bureau of Census, Heads of Families, 1790; 1800 Census, Printed Population Schedules, NYGBR; 1800 Census, Manuscript Population Schedules; 1810 Census, Manuscript Population Schedules; 1820 Census, Manuscript Population Schedules.
NOTES: No proportions are listed for households headed by males or for household heads with last names for Kings and Richmond counties in 1790 and 1800 and for Richmond County in 1810 due to the small size of the samples (from three to six households). In two cases I corrected assumed 1810 census errors for New York County which assigned free black‑headed household family members to the wrong domicile. Household heads Benjamin Fish (Fourth Ward, p. 96) and Thomas Adams (Sixth Ward, p. 146a) had neither black nor white family members entered in the census columns next to their names (indicating an error). I assumed that the adjacent nine free blacks in Philip Larkwood's white household were misplaced members of the Fish family and that the eight free blacks listed on William Symon's census line really belonged in the Thomas Adams household. In both cases it would have been very unusual for a white household to employ as many as eight or nine free blacks and it is likely that these figures were entered on the wrong household line. Similar errors were located and corrected in the 1820 census for New York County. Eleven members of David Seafield's free black family were misplaced in the household listings which preceded his name (Ward Five, p. 177). The four free blacks who were listed in the white Betsy Jiltones household were reassigned to the Elsa Cooke free black household (listed after Jiltones, Ward 10, p. 127). The five free blacks listed as part of the Sidney Watson household should have been on the line below with Rachael Goodwin, and the nine free blacks on Rachael's census line should have been entered one line below with Abraham Marten. Both Rachael and Abraham were free black heads of household (Ward 10, p. 130).
aThis figure was reduced to 1,182 when calculating the proportion of free households that were headed by males. Sixty‑eight of the households were headed by blacks whose sex was undetermined, thereby reducing the number of household heads whose sex was known to 1,182 and the corresponding six‑county total from 1,799 to 1,731 households.
bIn addition to the eighteen households headed by females, the sex of nine household heads is unknown. Therefore, the number of households is reduced from 108 to 99 when calculating the proportion of households headed by males where the sex of the head is known.
cThe sex of fifty‑eight free black New York City household heads is unknown. The number of households is reduced from 1,199 to 1,141 when calculating the proportion of households headed by males where the sex of the head is known. Free black women headed 205 households in New York City.
dTwo free black heads of household in Suffolk bore the descriptive (rather than proper) last name "Negro" (as in Binah Negro) and were considered to have no last name. Similarly, the word "Black" was disqualified as a last name in the case of "Lydia A. Black" in New York City (Ward 5, p. 213). The surname "Black," however, was ordinarily counted as a real last name due to common black and white usage as such.
eTwelve free black households were headed by females and two were headed by blacks whose sex was unable to be determined. The number of heads was reduced from 153 to 151 in calculations on the proportion of households headed by males to exclude those of unknown sex.
fThis total was reduced by sixty‑nine to 1,943 in order to exclude household heads of unknown sex when calculating the proportion of households headed by males.
TABLE 2 (Filed as Table 2-2)
NUMBER AND PROPORTION OF WHITE HOUSEHOLDS THAT HELD SLAVES,
SOUTHERN SIX COUNTIES OF NEW YORK, 1790 TO 1820
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Total Number of Proportion of All
County Number White Households White Households
Of White Which Held that Held Slaves
Households Slaves
___________________________________________________________
1790
___________________________________________________________
Kings 544 319 58.6
New York 5,854 1,117 19.1
Richmond 562 238 42.3
Suffolk 2,806 493 17.6
Queens 2,246 776 34.6
Westchester 3,763 540 14.4
Total 15,775 3,483 22.1
___________________________________________________________
1800
___________________________________________________________
Kings 707 398 56.3
New York 11,199 1,483 13.2
Richmond 686 231 33.7
Suffolk 3,283 410 12.5
Queens 2,675 532 19.9
Westchester 4,180 480 11.5
Total 22,730 3,534 15.5
___________________________________________________________
1810
___________________________________________________________
Kings 1,086 370 34.1
New York 15,859 1,074 6.8
Richmond 811 203 25.0
Suffolk 3,528 225 6.4
Queens 2,711 357 13.2
Westchester 4,269 432 9.9
Total 28,264 2,652 9.4
___________________________________________________________
1820
___________________________________________________________
Kings 1,718 286 16.6
New York 18,264 366 2.0
Richmond 942 183 19.4
Suffolk 4,141 146 3.5
Queens 3,154 270 8.6
Westchester 5,178 133 2.6
Total 33,397 1,384 4.1 SOURCES: The total number of white households and the number of white households which held slaves wereindividu‑
ally counted within each of the southern six counties of New York as listed in the 1790, 1800, 1810, and 1820 federal censuses. Bureau of Census, Heads_of_Families,
1790; 1800 Census, Printed Population Schedules,
NYGBR; 1800 Census, Manuscript Population Schedules; 1810 Census, Manuscript Population Schedules; 1820 Census, Manuscript Population Schedules.
NOTE: Free black‑headed households which contained slaves are not included in this table which concerns only white slaveholders.
TABLE 7 (Filed as Table 14-7N)
GROWTH OF THE BLACK POPULATION IN THE SOUTHERN SIX
COUNTIES OF NEW YORK, 1790 TO 1830
Number of Number of Total Black Percent Increase
Year Slaves Free Blacks Population or Decrease in the Total
Black Population Since
Previous Census Year
QUEENS COUNTY
1790 2,311 813 3,124 ...
1800 1,547 1,419 2,966 ‑5.1
1810 791 2,340 3,131 +5.6
1820 559 2,648 3,207 ‑2.4
1830 ... ... 3,108 ‑3.1
SUFFOLK COUNTY
1790 1,102 1,125 2,227 ...
1800 895 1,013 1,908 ‑14.3
1810 413 1,373 1,786 ‑6.4
1820 323 1,508 1,831 +2.5
1830 ... ... 2,013 +9.9
RICHMOND COUNTY
1790 755 127 882 +27.3
1800 675 83 758 ‑14.1
1810 437 274 711 ‑6.2
1820 532 78 610 ‑14.2
1830 ... ... 552 ‑9.5
WESTCHESTER COUNTY
1790 1,418 359 1,777 +42.2
1800 1,232 498 1,730 ‑2.6
1810 973 914 1,887 +9.1
1820 205 1,638 1,843 ‑2.3
1830 ... ... 2,115 +14.8
KINGS COUNTY
1790 1,479 47 1,526 +15.9
1800 1,519 331 1,850 +21.2
1810 1,118 735 1,853 +0.2
1820 879 882 1,761 ‑5.0
1830 ... ... 2,007 +14.0
NEW YORK COUNTY
1790 2,382 1,102 3,484 +65.7
1800 2,875 3,507 6,382 +83.2
1810 1,686 8,137 9,823 +53.9
1820 518 10,368 10,886 +10.8
1830 17 13,954 13,971 +28.3
SOURCES: Bureau of Census, Heads of Families, 1790; 1800 Census, Printed Population Schedules, NYGBR; 1800 Census, Manuscript Population Schedules; 1810 Census, Manuscript Population Schedules; 1820 Census, Manuscript Population Schedules; 1830 Census, Aggregate Amount of Persons. . . ."
TABLE 1 (Filed as Table 1Rock)
NUMBERS AND PROPORTIONS OF BLACKS WHO LIVED IN FOUR HOUSEHOLD TYPES, SOUTHERN SIX COUNTIES OF NEW YORK COMBINED, 1790 TO 1820
Types of Households
Number and Percent
Distribution of Blacks
in Household Types
1790
Number 8,198 1,833 1,046 1,924a
Percent 63.1 14.1 8.0 14.8
1800
Number 6,705 3,090 1,730 3,923b
Percent 43.4 20.0 11.2 25.4
1810
Number 3,101 4,320 3,923 7,427c
Percent 16.5 23.0 20.9 39.6
1820
Number 2,200 1,555 5,794 9,768d
Percent 11.4 8.0 30.0 50.6
SOURCES: A household by household analysis was done of every domicile which contained either free blacks or slaves in the southern six counties of New York to determine the living circumstances of the black population in 1790, 1800, 1810, and 1820. Bureau of Census, Heads of Families, 1790; 1800 Census, Manuscript Population Schedules; 1800 Census, Printed Population Schedules, NYGBR; 1810 Census, Manuscript Population Schedules; 1820 Census, Manuscript Population
Schedules.
NOTES: The microfilm copy of the 1820 federal census population schedules is extremely poor. In order to make the thirty‑two vertical census columns distinguishable from each other, the microfilm was projected on a lined form which was constructed to match the width and organization of the census columns as they appeared in the initial census banner for each county. This methodology was used in all work with the 1820 census. Detailed figures for each county are contained in appendix 18. Slaves who were owned by free blacks are included as part of the total number of blacks who lived in free black‑headed households (four slaves in 1790, ten slaves in 1800, nine in 1810, and twenty‑one in 1820). A small group of slaves appeared to live independently in their own slave‑headed households and were excluded from this table (twenty‑four slaves in 1800, four in 1810, and one in 1820).
aThe 1790 figures exclude nine free blacks and ten slaves in institutions in the North Ward of New York City listed on the census lines of Samuel Dodge, William Sloane, and Jameson Cox.
bThe 1800 figures exclude 128 blacks (97 free and 31 slave) in institutions in New York's Sixth and Seventh Wards. Ten free blacks and three slaves were in the hospital in the Sixth Ward, twenty‑six free blacks and seventeen slaves were in the Bridewell in the Sixth Ward, twenty‑six free blacks were in the Poor House in the Sixth Ward, and thirty‑five free blacks and eleven slaves were in the State Prison in the Seventh Ward.
cThese figures exclude 416 blacks: 7 free blacks in the Old Powderhouse (Ward 9, p. 235a), 17 free blacks in Belvue Hospital, 81 free blacks and 10 slaves in state prison, 204 free blacks in the county prison, 1 free black and 3 slaves in the Bridewell, 45 free blacks in the Almshouse, 14 free blacks and 5 slaves (the slaves were held by four white and one free black family) in debtor's prison, 1 free black and 2 slaves in an army regiment under Capt. Irvin (Ward 1, p. 10a), and 26 free blacks in the Hospital, all in New York City.
dThese figures exclude 20 free blacks in the Brooklyn Navyyard (p. 170), 4 free blacks in the Brooklyn Poorhouse, 342 indentured free blacks in Suffolk County, and 451 blacks in New York City institutions: 76 free blacks in Belview Hospital, 117 free blacks in the State Prison, 131 free blacks in the Penitentiary, 97 free blacks in the Alms House, and 30 free blacks in New York Hospital. In addition, two free blacks and one slave who lived in households which were not individually enumerated in the census on Governor's, Bedlow's, and Ellis's islands and at the Battery were also omitted from these figures.
TABLE 1 (Filed as Table 3-1N)
NEW YORK SLAVE IMPORTS, 1701 TO 1774
Years Africa West Indies and Coastal
_____________________________________________________________
1701‑1715 209 278
1715‑1764 1,127 3,074 197
1768‑1772 59 171
190a ...
1,215b 280c
_____________________________________________________________
Total 2,800 4,000
_____________________________________________________________
SOURCE: James G. Lydon, "New York and the Slave Trade, 1700 to 1774," William and Mary Quarterly, 35, no. 2 (April 1978):337, 382‑83, 387.
aThis figure represents known smuggling. Lydon did well to estimate a large amount of smuggling. Thomas Davis, "Slavery in Colonial New York City," p. 188, pointed out that most blacks arrived in small, easily concealable parcels which formed a minor part of a ship's cargo. Captain Johan Vanburgh's voyage to the West Indies in 1720 was typical of this process‑‑he brought back only four blacks for sale. Only occasionally would a slaver arrive with a large black cargo. See Helen Wortis, "From First Settlement to Manumission: Black Inhabitants of Shelter Island", Long Island Forum, 36, no. 8 (August 1973): 148‑49 on the smuggling of slaves on the eastern coast of Long Island. See John Watts, to Gedney Clarke, March 30, 1762, Collections of the New‑York Historical Society, Letter_Book of_John_Watts,_1762‑1765, vol. 61 (New York: Printed for the Society, 1928), p. 32 for his suggestion that since New Jersey had no import duty on slaves, the master of the ship "might lay a mile or two below the Town & send up word" in order to avoid New York customs inspectors.
bLydon estimated that an additional 1,215 Africans were brought in. The figure of 1,585 recorded African imports is based on data available for only 32 of the 60 vessels known to have entered New York between 1701 and 1774. Of the remaining 28 vessels, at least 15 carried slaves‑‑guesswork places total importation directly from Africa at around 2,800.
cAn estimate of slaves imported from American sources.
TABLE 3 (Filed as Table 3-3N)
AGE STRUCTURE OF THE BLACK POPULATION,
SOUTHERN SIX COUNTIES OF NEW YORK
Census
Year
1746 41.1 52.0 7.0 11.9
1749 43.3 50.7 6.0 10.5
1756 44.4 49.1 6.5 11.7
1771 41.4 50.8 7.8 13.3
Census
Year
1820 36.1 49.7 14.2 30.4 55.1 14.5
SOURCES: Compiled from data in Bureau of Census, Century of Population Growth, tables 95, 96, 97, 98, pp. 182‑83; 1820 Census, "Aggregate Amount of Persons. . . ."
TABLE 4 Filed as Table 4-4)
SIZE AND PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF SLAVEHOLDINGS,
SOUTHERN SIX COUNTIES COMBINED, 1790 TO 1820
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Size of Slaveholdings (Number of Slaves Held)
_________________________________________________________________________ ______________________
12 and
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Over
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
1790
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Number of Slaveholdings
This Size 1,530 617 421 310 217 129 88 59 39 27 18 28
Percent Distribution
of Slaveholding Sizes 43.9 17.7 12.1 8.9 6.2 3.7 2.5 1.7 1.1 0.8 0.5 0.8
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
1800
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Number of Slaveholdings
This Size 1,669 687 423 259 172 119 80 46 31 23 5 20
Percent Distribution
of Slaveholding Sizes 47.2 19.4 12.0 7.3 4.9 3.4 2.3 1.3 0.9 0.7 0.1 0.6
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
1810
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Number of Slaveholdings
This Size 1,397 591 297 168 97 49 18 12 9 5 5 4
Percent Distribution
of Slaveholding Sizes 52.7 22.3 11.2 6.3 3.7 1.8 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
1820
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Number of Slaveholdings
This Size 762 255 125 95 50 41 24 18 2 2 5 5
Percent Distribution
of Slaveholding Sizes 55.1 18.4 9.0 6.9 3.6 3.0 1.7 1.3 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.4
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
SOURCES: Compiled from data in Bureau of Census, Heads_of_Families,__1790; 1800 Census, Manuscript Population Schedules; 1800 Census, Printed Population Schedules, NYGBR; 1810 Census, Manuscript Population Schedules; 1820 Census, Manuscript Population Schedules.
NOTE: Each of the white slaveholdings (3,483 in 1790, 3,534 in 1800, 2,652 in 1810, and 1,384 in 1820) which appeared in these four federal censuses was grouped according to the number of slaves owned in each unit. For detailed figures for each individual county, see app. 5. Owners who held only slaves and masters who employed both slaves and resident free blacks (only the slaves were counted to determine the size of the slaveholding) are both included.
TABLE 5 (Filed as Table 4-5C)
NUMBER OF SLAVES LIVING IN VARIOUS SLAVEHOLDING
SIZES, BY COUNTY, 1790 TO 1820
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Total Number of Slaves in this Size Slaveholding
Numberof 12 &
County Slaves 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Over
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
1790
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Kings 1,475 61 80 126 152 165 120 182 176 90 100 77 146
New York 2,372 554 480 462 336 165 162 63 64 27 10 ... 49
Richmond 755 81 80 75 124 120 72 91 8 72 20 ... 12
Suffolk 1,102 270 160 144 164 110 96 49 24 9 30 ... 46
Queens 2,311 314 246 273 296 320 216 189 136 108 50 77 86
Westchester 1,418 250 188 186 168 205 108 42 64 45 60 44 58
Total 9,433 1,530 1,234 1,266 1,240 1,085 774 616 472 351 270 198 397
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
1800
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Kings 1,519 104 132 153 176 170 180 189 128 81 60 11 135
New York 2,822 812 690 483 340 215 72 63 72 9 40 ... 26
Richmond 675 87 64 114 100 95 84 42 40 36 ... ... 13
Suffolk 890 229 148 126 88 85 42 42 32 36 20 ... 42
Queens 1,547 201 208 222 156 175 198 140 64 63 50 33 37
Westchester 1,227 236 132 171 176 120 138 84 32 54 60 11 13
Total 8,680 1,669 1,374 1,269 1,036 860 714 560 368 279 230 55 266
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
1810
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Kings 1,118 109 162 180 164 175 102 56 64 54 30 22 ...
New York 1,654 728 418 255 112 70 30 21 ... 9 ... 11 ...
Richmond 437 84 102 105 92 30 24 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Suffolk 412 131 108 57 36 25 24 ... 8 ... 10 ... 13
Queens 791 150 182 147 152 100 36 14 ... ... 10 ... ...
Westchester 973 195 210 147 116 85 78 35 24 18 ... 22 43
Total 5,385 1,397 1,182 891 672 485 294 126 96 81 50 55 56
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
1820
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Kings 879 101 108 114 116 75 114 91 80 ... 10 33 37
New York 498 287 100 39 44 10 18 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Richmond 532 61 78 63 96 80 60 42 32 9 ... 11 ...
Suffolk 322 74 68 42 48 15 18 21 8 ... ... ... 28
Queens 557 147 106 90 68 55 30 7 24 9 10 11 ...
Westchester 205 92 50 27 8 15 6 7 ... ... ... ... ...
Total 2,993 762 510 375 380 250 246 168 144 18 20 55 65
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 5‑‑Continued
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF SLAVES LIVING IN VARIOUS
SLAVEHOLDING SIZES, 1790 TO 1820
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Proportion of Slaves in This Size Slaveholding
12 &
County 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Over
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
1790
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Kings 4.1 5.4 8.5 10.3 11.2 8.1 12.3 11.9 6.1 6.8 5.2 9.9
New York 23.3 20.2 19.5 14.2 7.0 6.8 2.7 2.7 1.1 0.4 ... 2.1
Richmond 10.7 10.6 9.9 16.4 15.9 9.5 12.1 1.1 9.5 2.6 ... 1.6
Suffolk 24.5 14.5 13.1 14.9 10.0 8.7 4.4 2.2 0.8 2.7 ... 4.2
Queens 13.6 10.6 11.8 12.8 13.8 9.3 8.2 5.9 4.7 2.2 3.3 3.7
Westchester 17.6 13.3 13.1 11.8 14.5 7.6 3.0 4.5 3.2 4.2 3.1 4.1
Total 16.2 13.1 13.4 13.1 11.5 8.2 6.5 5.0 3.7 2.9 2.1 4.2
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
1800
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Kings 6.8 8.7 10.1 11.6 11.2 11.8 12.4 8.4 5.3 3.9 0.7 8.9
New York 28.8 24.4 17.1 12.1 7.6 2.6 2.2 2.6 0.3 1.4 ... 0.9
Richmond 12.9 9.5 16.9 14.8 14.1 12.4 6.2 5.9 5.3 ... ... 1.9
Suffolk 25.9 16.6 14.2 9.9 9.6 4.7 4.7 3.6 4.0 2.2 ... 4.7
Queens 13.0 13.4 14.4 10.1 11.3 12.8 9.0 4.1 4.1 3.2 2.1 2.4
Westchester 19.2 10.8 13.9 14.3 9.8 11.2 6.8 2.6 4.4 4.9 0.9 1.1
Total 19.2 15.8 14.6 11.9 9.9 8.2 6.5 4.2 3.2 2.7 0.6 3.1
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
1810
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Kings 9.7 14.5 16.1 14.7 15.7 9.1 5.0 5.7 4.8 2.7 2.0 ...
New York 44.0 25.3 15.4 6.8 4.2 1.8 1.3 ... 0.5 ... 0.7 ...
Richmond 19.2 23.3 24.0 21.1 6.9 5.5 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Suffolk 31.8 26.2 13.8 8.7 6.1 5.8 ... 1.9 ... 2.4 ... 3.2
Queens 19.0 23.0 18.6 19.2 12.6 4.6 1.8 ... ... 1.3 ... ...
Westchester 20.0 21.6 15.1 11.9 8.7 8.0 3.6 2.5 1.8 ... 2.3 4.4
Total 25.9 21.9 16.6 12.5 9.1 5.5 2.3 1.8 1.5 0.9 1.0 1.0
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
1820
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Kings 11.5 12.3 13.0 13.2 8.5 13.0 10.3 9.1 ... 1.1 3.7 4.2
New York 57.6 20.1 7.8 8.8 2.0 3.6 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Richmond 11.5 14.7 11.8 18.0 15.0 11.3 7.9 6.0 1.7 ... 2.1 ...
Suffolk 23.0 21.1 13.0 14.9 4.7 5.6 6.5 2.5 ... ... ... 8.7
Queens 26.4 19.0 16.2 12.2 9.9 5.4 1.2 4.3 1.6 1.8 2.0 ...
Westchester 44.9 24.4 13.2 3.9 7.3 2.9 3.4 ... ... ... ... ...
Total 25.5 17.1 12.5 12.7 8.3 8.2 5.6 4.8 0.6 0.7 1.8 2.2
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
SOURCES: All slaves who appeared in white households listed in the 1790, 1800, 1810, and 1820 federal censuses (whether or not free blacks were also included in the households) were grouped according to the number of slaves held in the unit. Bureau of Census, Heads of Families, 1790; 1800 Census, Manuscript Population Schedules; 1800 Census, Printed Population Schedules, NYGBR; 1810 Census, Manuscript Population Schedules; 1820 Census, Manuscript Population Schedules.
NOTES: Slaves who lived in free black‑headed households (four slaves in 1790, ten in 1800, nine in 1810, and twenty‑one in 1820) and slaves who lived in independent slave‑headed households (twenty‑four in 1800, four in 1810, and one in 1820) are excluded. Slaves who lived in institutions (ten in 1790, thirty‑one in 1800, twenty in 1810) and one New York City slave not individually enumerated in the 1820 census also do not appear in this table.
TABLE 6 (Filed as Table 4-6N)
PROPORTION OF SLAVES WHO LIVED IN THIS SIZE
SLAVEHOLDING OR SMALLER
Two or Three or Four or Five or Six or
Year Less Slaves Less Slaves Less Slaves Less Slaves More Slaves
KINGS
1790 9.5 18.0 28.3 39.5 60.5
1800 15.5 25.6 37.2 48.4 51.6
1810 24.2 40.3 55.0 70.7 29.3
1820 23.8 36.7 49.9 58.5 41.5
NEW YORK
1790 43.6 63.1 77.2 84.2 15.8
1800 53.2 70.3 82.4 90.0 10.0
1810 69.3 84.7 91.5 95.7 4.3
1820 77.7 85.5 94.4 96.4 3.6
RICHMOND
1790 21.3 31.2 47.6 63.5 36.5
1800 22.4 39.3 54.1 68.2 31.8
1810 42.5 66.5 87.6 94.5 5.5
1820 26.1 38.0 56.0 71.1 28.9
SUFFOLK
1790 39.0 52.1 67.0 77.0 23.0
1800 42.3 56.5 66.4 76.0 24.0
1810 58.0 71.8 80.6 86.6 13.4
1820 44.1 57.1 72.0 76.7 23.3
QUEENS
1790 24.2 36.0 48.8 62.7 37.3
1800 26.4 40.8 50.9 62.2 37.8
1810 42.0 60.6 79.8 92.4 7.6
1820 45.4 61.6 73.8 83.7 16.3
WESTCHESTER
1790 30.9 44.0 55.8 70.3 29.7
1800 30.0 43.9 58.2 68.0 32.0
1810 41.6 56.7 68.6 77.4 22.6
1820 69.3 82.4 86.3 93.7 6.3
SIX COUNTIES COMBINED
1790 29.3 42.7 55.9 67.4 32.6
1800 35.1 49.7 61.6 71.5 28.5
1810 47.9 64.4 76.9 85.9 14.1
1820 42.5 55.0 67.7 76.1 23.9
NOTE: This table is based on the sources and findings in table 5
above.
TABLE 8 (Filed as Table 4-8N)
NUMBERS AND PROPORTIONS OF SLAVE‑OWNERS WHO HELD
UNITS COMPOSED OF BOTH SLAVE AND
FREED BLACK LABOR, 1790 TO 1820
Counties
1790 1800
Kings 319 297 22 6.9 398 260 138 34.7
New York 1,117 1,015 102 9.1 1,483 1,209 274 18.5
Richmond 238 190 48 20.2 231 185 46 19.9
Suffolk 493 307 186 37.7 410 326 84 20.5
Queens 776 776 0 0.0 532 426 106 19.9
Westchester 540 474 66 12.2 480 404 76 15.8
Total 3,483 3,059 424 12.2 3,534 2,810 724 20.5
1810 1820
Kings 370 192 178 48.1 286 211 75 26.2
New York 1,074 759 315 29.3 366 259 107 29.2
Richmond 203 99 104 51.2 183 171 12 6.6
Suffolk 225 106 119 52.9 146 135 11 7.5
Queens 357 145 212 59.4 270 150 120 44.4
Westchester 423 336 87 20.6 133 47 86 64.7
Total 2,652 1,637 1,015 38.3 1,384 973 411 29.7
SOURCES: Bureau of Census, Heads of Families, 1790; 1800 Census, Manuscript Population Schedules; 1800 Census, Printed Population Schedules, NYGBR; 1810 Census, Manuscript Population Schedules; 1820 Census, Manuscript Population Schedules.
NOTE: Free black heads of household who owned slaves are excluded from this study: most such slaves were really family members. This table measures normal white slaveholding patterns. Each slaveholding household which appeared in the 1790, 1800, 1810, and 1820 censuses was classified as to the presence and number of slaves held alone or of both slaves and resident free blacks included in the household.
TABLE 9 (Filed as Table 4-9N)
AVERAGE NUMBER OF FREE BLACKS AND OF SLAVES (PLUS AVERAGE
SIZE OF COMBINED SLAVE/FREE WORK GROUPS) IN WHITE
HOUSEHOLDS WHICH CONTAINED BOTH SLAVE
AND FREE BLACK LABOR, 1790 TO 1820
County
1790
Kings 22 23 1.0 115 5.2 6.3 4.6
New York 102 129 1.3 279 2.7 4.0 2.1
Richmond 48 61 1.3 159 3.3 4.6 3.1
Suffolk 186 303 1.6 465 2.5 4.1 2.1
Queens 0 0 ... 0 ... ... 3.0
Westchester 66 82 1.2 217 3.3 4.5 2.5
Total 424 598 1.4 1,235 2.9 4.3 2.7
1800
Kings 138 244 1.8 542 3.9 5.7 3.8
New York 274 399 1.5 489 1.8 3.2 1.9
Richmond 46 56 1.2 183 4.0 5.2 2.7
Suffolk 84 141 1.7 251 3.0 4.7 2.0
Queens 106 159 1.5 298 2.8 4.3 2.9
Westchester 76 116 1.5 212 2.8 4.3 2.5
Total 724 1,115 1.5 1,975 2.7 4.3 2.4
1810
Kings 178 418 2.3 595 3.3 5.7 2.7
New York 315 512 1.6 478 1.5 3.1 1.5
Richmond 104 211 2.0 257 2.5 4.5 1.8
Suffolk 119 265 2.2 262 2.2 4.4 1.4
Queens 212 472 2.2 509 2.4 4.6 1.9
Westchester 87 158 1.8 183 2.1 3.9 2.3
Total 1,015 2,036 2.0 2,284 2.2 4.3 1.9
1820
Kings 75 123 1.6 212 2.8 4.5 3.2
New York 107 169 1.6 147 1.4 2.9 1.3
Richmond 12 19 1.6 40 3.3 4.9 2.9
Suffolk 11 12 1.1 21 1.9 3.0 2.2
Queens 120 233 1.9 226 1.9 3.8 2.2
Westchester 86 206 2.4 147 1.7 4.1 1.2
Total 411 762 1.8 793 1.9 3.8 2.3
SOURCES: Each white household which contained both slaves and free blacks in the 1790, 1800, 1810, and 1820 federal censuses was analyzed as to the number of slaves and free blacks held in the unit. Bureau of Census, Heads of Families, 1790; 1800 Census, Printed Population Schedules, NYGBR; 1800 Census, Manuscript Population Schedules; 1810 Census, Manuscript Population Schedules; 1820 Census, Manuscript Population Schedules.
NOTE: See tables 8 and 10 for figures from which the average number of slaves held in white households which contained only slaves (and no free labor) was compiled. See table 3 above on the average size of slaveholdings in New York (which included slaves in both households which contained only slaves and in households which contained both slaves and free blacks).
TABLE 10 (Filed as Table 4-10N)
NUMBERS AND PROPORTIONS OF SLAVES WHO LIVED IN
WHITE HOUSEHOLDS WHICH CONTAINED BOTH SLAVES
AND FREE BLACKS, 1790 TO 1820
Counties
1790 1800
Kings 1,475a 1,360 115 7.8 1,519 977 542 35.7
New York 2,372b 2,093 279 11.8 2,822c 2,333 489 17.3
Richmond 755 596 159 21.1 675 492 183 27.1
Suffolk 1,102 637 465 42.2 890d 639 251 28.2
Queens 2,311 2,311 0 0.0 1,547 1,249 298 19.3
Westchester 1,418 1,201 217 15.3 1,227e 1,015 212 17.3
Total 9,433 8,198 1,235 13.1 8,680 6,705 1,975 22.8
1810 1820
Kings 1,118 523 595 53.2 879 667 212 24.1
New York 1,654f 1,176 478 28.9 498h 351 147 29.5
Richmond 437 180 257 58.8 532 492 40 7.5
Suffolk 412g 150 262 63.6 322i 301 21 6.5
Queens 791 282 509 64.3 557j 331 226 40.6
Westchester 973 790 183 18.8 205 58 147 71.7
Total 5,385 3,101 2,284 42.4 2,993 2,200 793 26.5
______________________________________________________________________________________
SOURCES and NOTES: See table 8 above.
aFour slaves living in a free black‑headed household in Brooklyn are omitted from this total.
bThis figure excludes ten slaves in institutions.
cThe eight slaves on Blackwell's Island are included here. These figures exclude five slaves in free black‑headed households, nineteen slaves in slave‑headed households, and thirty‑one slaves in institutions.
dFive slaves who lived in a slave‑headed household in Smithtown are excluded.
eThis figure excludes five slaves who lived in a free black‑headed household in Rye.
fThis figure excludes thirty‑two slaves who lived either in slave‑headed households, free black‑headed households, or in institutions.
gOne slave living in a slave‑headed household in Brookhaven is omitted here.
hThis figure excludes one slave in a slave‑headed household, eighteen slaves in free black‑headed households and one slave whose residence was among a group of households not enumerated in the census on Governor's, Bedlow's, and Ellis's islands and at the Battery.
iThis figure excludes one slave who lived in a free black‑headed household.
jTwo slaves who lived in free black‑headed households are excluded here.
TABLE 1 (Filed as Table 5-1N)
REASONS LISTED FOR SLAVE SALES
Reasons for Sale Bills of Sale Sale
(1660‑1817) Advertisements
(1701‑1827)
To free the slave immediately 12
Need to raise cash temporarily 7
Part of a land or business transaction 5
Slave used as payment for lands bought 2
Mortgage‑‑slave pledged as security to creditor 6
Indebtedness‑‑slave used to repay debt to buyer 4
Financial deal‑‑exchange of property 5
Payment for caretaking arrangement 1
Estate division‑‑sale by executor 16 24
Owner leaving the country 4
No need for the slave's labor 9
No need for slave's labor and need for cash 4
Excessive childbearing by slave woman 8
At slave's own desire 1
None listed 254 75
TOTAL 312 125
TABLE 3 (Filed as Table 7-3W)
BLACK SEX RATIOS BY AGE GROUPS, 1820
Number of Blacks By Age and Sex Group
County
Kings 374 308 121.4 224 197 113.7 203 194 104.6 128 133 96.2
New York 1,354 1,601 84.6 991 1,974 50.2 1,409 2,053 68.6 617 887 69.6
Richmond 138 94 146.8 107 56 191.1 68 38 178.9 61 48 127.1
Queens 758 648 117.0 420 377 111.4 273 286 95.5 198 247 80.2
Suffolk 266 287 92.7 124 182 68.1 172 191 90.1 132 135 97.8
Westchester 342 355 96.3 244 240 101.7 210 191 109.9 138 123 112.2
Six Counties
Combined 3,232 3,293 98.1 2,110 3,026 69.7 2,335 2,953 79.1 1,274 1,573 81.0
SOURCE: 1820 Census, "Aggregate Amount of Persons. . . ."
NOTE: The 342 indentured blacks in Suffolk County are excluded from this analysis because no age and sex information was listed for them in the 1820 population census.
TABLE 2 (Filed as Table 9-2W)
RESIDENTIAL CIRCUMSTANCES OF FREE BLACKS OVER THE
AGE OF FORTY‑FIVE, NUMBERS AND PROPORTIONS, 1820
Number of Number in White Number in White Total Number Total Number Number
County Free Black Households Which Households Which of Elderly Free of Elderly Free of Elderly
Elderly Contained Both Contained Only Blacks Who Blacks Who Free Blacks
Slaves and Free Free Blacks Lived in White Lived in Free in
Blacks Households Black‑Headed Institutions
Households
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
Kings 107 13 30 43 40.2 63 58.9 1a 0.9
New York 1,440 26 431 457 31.7 927 64.4 56b 3.9
Richmond 13 6 0 6 46.2 7 53.8 ... ...
Suffolk 236 2 30 32 13.6 204 86.4 ... ...
Queens 334 16 78 94 28.1 240 71.9 ... ...
Westchester 200 14 79 93 46.5 107 53.5 ... ...
Total 2,330 77 648 725 31.1 1,548 66.4 57 2.4
SOURCE: Compiled from data in 1820 Census, Manuscript Population Schedules.
aOne free black was in the poorhouse.
bTen free blacks were in Belview Hospital, eleven were in the State Prison, five were in the Penitentiary, twenty‑four were in the Alms House, and six were in New York Hospital.
TABLE 1 (Filed as Table 12-1N)
PROPORTION OF DUTCH IN THE WHITE POPULATION,
SOUTHERN SIX COUNTIES OF NEW YORK
1698 AND 1790
1698 1790
County
Kings 1,500 1,721 87.2 1,380 3,021 45.7
Richmond 300 654 45.9 582 2,945 19.8
Queens 250 3,366 7.4 1,562 12,886 12.1
New York 2,000 4,237 47.2 2,846 29,619 9.6
Westchester 300 917 32.7 1,769 22,204 8.0
Suffolk .... 2,121 .... 844 14,310 5.9
SOURCE: For 1698, Marcus L. Hansen, "The Minor Stocks in the American Population of 1790," Annual Report of the American HistoricalAssociation 1 (1931):364‑65. For 1790, Bureau of Census, Century ofPopulation Growth, table 112, p. 272.
NOTE: For the 1790 numbers, I relied on Century of PopulationGrowth rather than Hansen's (p. 396) figures‑‑his use of rounded off figures indicates estimation rather than real totals.
TABLE 5 (Filed as Table 13-5W)
RESIDENCE OF BLACK CHILDREN UNDER THE AGE
OF FOURTEEN, SOUTHERN SIX COUNTIES OF NEW YORK, 1820
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Number of Proportion of
Children Who All Children
Lived in Who Lived in
White White
County Slave Free Households Households
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Kings 682 278 18 39 83 201 3b 478 70.1
New York 2,955 124 57 31 745 1,955a 43c 957 32.4
Queens 1,406 147 82 120 425 632 ... 774 55.0
Richmond 232 187 10 6 7 22 ... 210 90.5
Suffolk 553 104 11 2 30 406 ... 147 26.6
Westchester 697 ... ... 123 244 330 ... 367 52.7
Total 6,525 840 238 321 1,534 3,546 46 2,933 44.9
______________________________________________________________________________________________
SOURCE: Each black child under the age of fourteen who appeared in the 1820 census was classified according to type of residence. 1820 Census, Manuscript Population Schedules.
aThis figure includes two slave children who lived in free black‑headed households.
bOne free child was attached to the navy and two were in the poorhouse.
cFourteen free children were in Belview Hospital and twenty‑nine free children were in the Almshouse.
TABLE 2 (Filed as Table 14-2W)
RESIDENTIAL CIRCUMSTANCES OF FREE BLACKS,
NUMBERS AND PROPORTIONS, 1790 TO 1820
Number of Number in White Number in White Number in Percent in Percent in Percent in
County Free Blacks Households Which Households Which Free Black‑ White White Free Black‑
Contained Both Contained Only Headed Households Households Headed
Slaves and Free Free Blacks Households Which Which Households
Blacks Contained Contained
Both Slaves Only Free
and Free Blacks
Blacks
1790
Kings 47 23 17 7 48.9 36.2 14.9
New York 1,093a 129 238 726 11.8 21.8 66.4
Richmond 127 61 51 15 48.1 40.2 11.8
Suffolk 1,125 303 631 191 26.9 56.1 17.0
Queens 813 0 1 812 0. .1 99.9
Westchester 359 82 108 169 22.8 30.1 47.1
Total 3,564 598 1,046 1,920 16.8 29.3 53.9
1800
Kings 331 244 87 0 73.7 26.3 0.0
New York 3,409b 399 879 2,131 11.7 25.8 62.5
Richmond 83 56 16 11 67.5 19.3 13.3
Suffolk 1,017 141 231 645 13.9 22.7 63.4
Queens 1,419 159 366 894 11.2 25.8 63.0
Westchester 499 116 151 232 23.2 30.3 46.5
Total 6,758 1,115 1,730 3,913 16.5 25.6 57.9
1810
Kings 735 418 141 176 56.9 19.2 23.9
New York 7,741c 512 2,301 4,928 6.6 29.7 63.7
Richmond 274 211 32 31 77.0 11.7 11.3
Suffolk 1,373 265 375 733 19.3 27.3 53.4
Queens 2,340 472 762 1,106 20.2 32.6 47.3
Westchester 914 158 312 444d 17.3 34.1 48.6
Total 13,377 2,036 3,923 7,418 15.2 29.3 55.4
1820
Kings 858e 123 257 478 14.3 30.0 55.7
New York 9,915f 169 3,665 6,081 1.7 37.0 61.3
Richmond 78 19 16 43 24.4 20.5 55.1
Suffolk 1,166g 12 125 1,029 1.0 10.7 88.3
Queens 2,648 233 1,021 1,394 8.8 38.6 52.6
Westchester 1,638 206 710 722 12.6 43.3 44.1
Total 16,303 762 5,794 9,747 4.7 35.5 59.8
TABLE 2‑‑Continued
SOURCES: The distribution of the free black population was analyzed household by household in the following censuses: Bureau of Census, Heads_of_Families,_1790; 1800 Census, Printed Population Schedules, NYGBR; 1800 Census, Manuscript Population Schedules; 1810 Census, Manuscript Population Schedules; 1820 Census, Manuscript Population Schedules.
NOTE: This table describes the living circumstances of the free black population and therefore excludes slaves who lived in free black‑headed households.
aThis figure excludes nine free blacks in institutions in the North Ward of New York City.
bThe ninety‑seven free blacks who were in institutions in New York City's Sixth and Seventh Wards are omitted.
cThis figure excludes 396 free blacks who lived in institutions and military regiments in New York City.
dThe town of North Castle in Westchester County had seven free black‑headed households. There may have been another uncounted free black household headed by Prince Cornel, next to whose name no family members at all were listed in the white, free black, or slave census columns. Although his household was not included here, he did appear in later censuses as a free black head of household.
eAn additional twenty‑four omitted free blacks were in the Brooklyn Navyard and the Poorhouse in Brooklyn.
fThis figure excludes 76 free blacks in Belview Hospital, 117 free blacks in the State Prison, 131 free blacks in the Penitentiary, 97 free blacks in the Alms House, 30 free blacks in New York Hospital, and 2 free blacks who were included with a group of households on Governor's Island, Bedlow's Island, Ellis's Island, and the Battery which were not enumerated on an individual basis in the 1820 census (see p. vi. introduction to census microfilm reel and p. 37a).
gThis total of 1,166 free blacks in Suffolk County does not include 342 free black indentured servants who lived in white households and appeared in a census column entitled " Indentured Blacks all other persons except Indians not taxed."
TABLE 5 (Filed as Table 14-5W)
FREE BLACK‑HEADED AND WHITE HOUSEHOLDS:
COMPARISON OF AVERAGE FAMILY SIZES, 1790 to 1820
Number of Number of Average Family Number of Number of Average Number of Persons
Free Black‑ Members in Size of Free White Members in Family Difference Between
Headed These Free Black‑Headed Households These White Size of the Average
Households Black‑Headed Households Households White Free Black and White
County Households Households Household
1790
Kings 3 11 3.7 544 3,021 5.6 1.9
New York 168 726 4.3 5,854 28,945 4.9 0.6
Richmond 4 15 3.8 562 2,945 5.2 1.4
Suffolk 52 191 3.7 2,806 14,310 5.1 1.4
Queens 302 812 2.7 2,246 12,886 5.7 3.0
Westchester 34 169 5.0 3,763 22,204 5.9 0.9
Total 563 1,924 3.4 15,775 84,311 5.3 1.9
1800
Kings 0 ... ... 707 3,953 5.6 ...
New York 669 2,136 3.2 11,199 52,993 4.7 1.5
Richmond 3 11 3.7 686 3,806 5.5 1.8
Suffolk 159 645 4.1 3,283 17,837 5.4 1.3
Queens 203 894 4.4 2,675 13,948 5.2 0.8
Westchester 45 237 5.3 4,180 25,530 6.1 0.8
Total 1,079 3,923 3.6 22,730 118,067 5.2 1.6
1810
Kings 47 176 3.7 1,086 6,390 5.9 2.2
New York 1,250 4,937 3.9 15,859 84,421 5.3 1.4
Richmond 6 31 5.2 811 4,636 5.7 0.5
Suffolk 179 733 4.1 3,528 19,355 5.5 1.4
Queens 222 1,106 5.0 2,711 16,073 5.9 0.9
Westchester 95 444 4.7 4,269 27,972 6.5 1.8
Total 1,799 7,427 4.1 28,264 158,847 5.6 1.5
1820
Kings 108 478 4.4 1,718 9,052 5.3 0.9
New York 1,199 6,099 5.1 18,264 109,697 6.0 0.9
Richmond 9 43 4.8 942 5,615 6.0 1.2
Suffolk 258 1,030 4.0 4,141 22,441 5.4 1.4
Queens 285 1,396 4.9 3,154 18,312 5.8 0.9
Westchester 153 722 4.7 5,178 30,795 5.9 1.2
Total 2,012 9,768 4.8 33,397 195,912 5.9 1.1
TABLE 5‑‑Continued
SOURCES: Bureau of Census, Heads of Families, 1790; 1800 Census, Printed Population Schedules, NYGBR; 1800 Census Manuscript Population Schedules; 1810 Census, Manuscript Population Schedules; 1820 Census, Manuscript Population Schedules.
NOTES: The total number of households in each county was counted by hand for the complete 1790 and 1800 federal censuses. The total number of households was also individually counted for Kings, Richmond, Suffolk, Queens, and Westchester counties in both the 1810 and 1820 federal censuses. The total number of households in New York County in 1810 was hand‑counted for wards one, two, three, four, and nine and estimated for wards five, six, seven, eight, and ten based on the standard number of households per page multiplied by the number of census pages. An additional 105 households appeared in debtor's prison (Ward six, pp. 134a‑135a) in addition to the 17,018 households counted by these methods, totalling 17,123 households in New York City. The total number of households in New York County in 1820 was estimated based on the standard number of households per page (which differed from ward to ward) multiplied by the number of census pages for the county. The known number of free black‑headed households (ascertained in a separate household‑by‑household analysis of the black population) was then subtracted from the total number of households in each county to arrive at the number of white households in each area.
Slaves who lived in free black‑headed households are included in all figures on free black family size (four slaves in Kings County in 1790, five in New York County and five in Westchester County in 1800, nine in New York County in 1810, one in Suffolk County, two in Queens County, and eighteen in New York County in 1820).
The number of white households in 1790 excludes the three census lines headed by Samuel Dodge, William Sloane, and Jameson Cox in the North Ward of New York City (Bureau of Census, Heads of Families, 1790, p. 125; 1790 Census, Manuscript Population Schedules, p. 45). Dodge (keeper of the Poor House in 1800), Sloane, and Cox were in charge of large institutions rather than private households. The white population of New York City excludes 674 whites in these institutions. The number of white households in 1800 in New York City excludes eight census lines of institutions headed by William Allison, Thomas Hazard, Samuel Dodge, John Pray, and Alexander Lamb/Jacob Evans (1800 Census, Manuscript Population Schedules, pp. 98, 108, 109, 149a). In determining white family size the white population of New York City for 1800 is reduced by the 1,146 whites in these institutions. In 1810 the number of white households excludes fourteen census lines of institutions and military regiments in New York City. The number of white family members in the population is reduced by the 2,129 whites in these institutions. The number of white households in New York City in 1820 excludes four census lines of institutions (the State Prison, Penitentiary, Alms House, New York Hospital) and four lines covering the white population of Governor's Bedlow's, and Ellis's Islands and the Battery (where the population was enumerated by area rather than household). 1820 Census, Manuscript Population Schedules, New York County, reel 16, pp. 37a, 170; reel 17, pp. 110, 114 (Wards 1, 5, 9). The number of white family members in the population excludes the 3,123 whites in these institutions and districts. The number of white households in Kings County excludes the three census lines for the Navy yard and the Poorhouse. The white population figures exclude the 374 whites in these categories. 1820 Census, Manuscript Population Schedules, Kings County pp. 163, 170.
TABLE 6 (Filed as Table 14-6N)
SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF FREE BLACK‑HEADED HOUSEHOLDS,
COMBINED SOUTHERN SIX COUNTIES OF NEW YORK,
1790 TO 1820
Sizes of Free Black‑Headed Households
Total
Years Number of 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 & over
Free Black
Households
NUMBERS OF HOUSEHOLDS IN EACH SIZE GROUP
1790 563 132 97 85 95 64 41 24 12 6 2 3 2a
1800 1,079 83 257 249 181 137 93 42 23 9 3 1 1b
1810 1,799 67 394 385 308 229 185 104 52 29 21 11 14c
1820 2,012d 55 272 320 376 336 233 154 112 67 27 23 37e
PERCENTAGES OF HOUSEHOLDS IN EACH SIZE GROUP
1790 563 23.4 17.2 15.1 16.9 11.4 7.3 4.3 2.1 1.1 0.4 0.5 0.4
1800 1,079 7.7 23.8 23.1 16.8 12.7 8.6 3.9 2.1 0.8 0.3 0.1 0.1
1810 1,799 3.7 21.9 21.4 17.1 12.7 10.3 5.8 2.9 1.6 1.2 0.6 0.7
1820 2,012 2.7 13.5 15.9 18.7 16.7 11.6 7.7 5.6 3.3 1.3 1.1 1.8
SOURCES: The number of members was counted in each free black‑headed household which appeared in the 1790, 1800, 1810, and 1820 federal censuses. Bureau of Census, Heads of Families, 1790; 1800 Census, Printed Population Schedules, NYGBR; 1800 Census, Manuscript Population Schedules; 1810 Census, Manuscript Population Schedules; 1820 Census, Manuscript Population Schedules.
NOTE: These figues include slaves who lived in free black‑headed households (four in 1790, ten in 1800, nine in 1810, and twenty‑one in 1820).
aOne household had twelve members and one household had fourteen members.
bOne household had twelve members.
cThese fourteen households included six households with twelve members each, three households with thirteen members each, one household with fifteen members, two households each with sixteen members, and two households each containing eighteen members.
dTwo presumably free black heads of household in Suffolk County (Kedo, p. 184a and Cimon January, p. 186) were excluded from this study because no household members at all were listed in the census columns which followed their names.
eThese thirty‑seven households include eleven households with twelve members each, eight households with thirteen members each, six households with fourteen members each, five households with fifteen members each, two households with sixteen members each, two households with seventeen members each, one household with nineteen members, one household containing twenty‑three members, and one household composed of twenty‑four free blacks (totalling 527 free blacks).
